모든 임신부는 HBsAg 감시 검사를 받아야 합니다. 임신부가 양성인 경우 출산 12시간 이내에 신생아에게 HBIG과 HBV vaccine을 주사해야 합니다. 임신 3분기 항바이러스 치료는 HBV DNA >200,000 IU/mL인 임신부에서 권고됩니다.
All pregnant women should be screened for HBsAg. Pregnant women with CHB should be encouraged to discuss with their obstetrician and/or pediatrician the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and HBV vaccine should be administered to their newborn <12 hours after delivery. Antiviral therapy in the third trimester is recommended for pregnant women with serum HBV DNA >200,000 IU/mL.
일부 여성(약 25%)은 출산 1개월 이내에 hepatitis flares를 겪습니다. 한 연구에서 임신 3분기 항바이러스 치료는를출산 후 2-12주까지 연장하는 것은 출산 후 flare를 예방하지 못하였으며, 이것은 mother-to-child transmission을 예방하기 위한 항바이러스 치료는 분만 시 또는 출산 후 ~4주 이내에 중단되어야 한다는 AASLD 권고사항을 지지합니다.
A proportion of women (around 25%) have hepatitis flares with or without HBeAg seroconversion within the first months after delivery. Seroconversion rates of up to 17% have been described. It has been postulated that the rapid decrease in cortisol levels characteristic of the postpartum state is analogous to the steroid withdrawal therapy that has been used to elicit seroconversion. Although the flares are often mild and resolve spontaneously, cases of acute liver failure have been described in the peripartum period. Extending third trimester antiviral therapy from 2 to 12 weeks postpartum did not protect against postpartum flares in one study, supporting the AASLD guideline recommendation that antiviral therapy given for prevention of mother-to-child transmission be discontinued at the time of delivery or up to 4 weeks postpartum.
임신 3분기 항바이러스 치료에 대한 이전 systematic review는 lamivudine, telbivudine, TDF로 HBV의 주산기 감염을 의미 있게 감소시켰음을 나타냈습니다. 그러나 다른 항바이러스제와의 resistance 관점과 antiviral potency로 인하여 TDF가 선호됩니다.
A previous systematic review of any antiviral therapy in the third trimester showed a significant reduction in perinatal transmission of HBV with lamivudine, telbivudine, or TDF, but TDF is the preferred choice owing to its antiviral potency and concerns for resistance with the other antiviral agents. Two recent randomized, control trials of TDF versus no antiviral treatment in the third trimester confirmed significant reductions in risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B with TDF in women with a high level of HBV DNA. Elevated maternal creatine kinase levels were more frequent in TDF-treated versus untreated women in one study, though none were assessed as clinically significant. Both studies found no difference in the rates of prematurity, congenital malformations, or Apgar scores. Additional data on infant safety (including bone growth) from studies of pregnant women receiving antiretroviral therapy found no increase in adverse events among TDF-exposed versus unexposed infants. Although a previous study of HIV-infected pregnant mothers found TDF exposed infants to have 12% lower whole-body bone mineral content than unexposed infants, the followup study showed no differences at 2 years of age.
Whether invasive procedures during pregnancy, such as amniocentesis, increase the risk of HBV infection in the infants is unclear. Two studies including 21 and 47 HBsAg mother-infant pairs respectively concluded that the risk of HBV transmission by amniocentesis is low. However, more recently, the
risk of mother-to-child transmission of HBV was significantly higher in women with a high HBV-DNA
level (7 log copies/mL) who underwent amniocentesis compared with those who did not (50% vs. 4.5%; odds ratio, 21.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.96- 153). Therefore, the risk of mother-to-child transmission must be considered when assessing the potential benefit of amniocentesis in highly viremic women.
비록 항바이러스 약제 labels이 이 약제들을 복용하는 동안 모유 수유를 권고하지 않지만 임상 연구들은 모유 수유 중 이 약제들의 안전을 지지합니다.
Although antiviral drug labels do not recommend breastfeeding when taking these drugs, clinical
studies support the safety of these drugs during breastfeeding.
임신 중 HBV 예방접종은 안전하고 효과적입니다.
Vaccination against HBV is both safe and efficacious during pregnancy. In addition, titers of the
passively transferred maternal antibody to newborns wane over time, as would be expected without the addition of active vaccination. An accelerated vaccination schedule has been shown to be feasible and efficacious in high-risk pregnant women. Chronic HBV infection does not usually affect the outcome of pregnancy unless the mother has cirrhosis or advanced liver disease. However, extra care is necessary to evaluate the mother and to ensure that the infant receives HBIG and HBV vaccine within 12 hours of birth.
Guidance Statements on Counseling of Women in Pregnancy
1. HBV vaccination is safe in pregnancy, and pregnant women who are not immune to or infected
with HBV should receive this vaccine series.
2. Women identified as HBsAg positive during pregnancy should be linked to care for additional
testing (ALT, HBV DNA, or imaging for HCC surveillance if indicated) and determination of
need for antiviral therapy.
3. Women who meet standard indications for HBV therapy should be treated. Women without standard indications but who have HBV DNA >200,000 IU/mL in the second trimester should
consider treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission.
4. HBV-infected pregnant women who are not on antiviral therapy as well as those who stop antiviral at or early after delivery should be monitored closely for up to 6 months after delivery for hepatitis
flares and seroconversion. Long-term followup should be continued to assess need for future
therapy.
5. The potential risk of mother-to-child transmission of HBV with amniocentesis should be included in the risk of harms versus benefits discussion in HBsAg-positive mothers with high-level viremia.
6. HBV-infected pregnant women with cirrhosis should be managed in high-risk obstetrical
practices and treated with TDF to prevent decompensation.
7. Sexual partners of women identified as HBVinfected during pregnancy should be assessed for
HBV infection or immunity and receive HBV vaccine if appropriate.
8. Breastfeeding is not prohibited.
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