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감염내과/항생제

세팔로스포린 정리 [1세대/2세대/3세대]

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임상에서 세팔로스포린 (cephalosporin)은 호기성 그람 음성 간균과 그람양성균에 대한 활성에 근거하여 5단계로 구분합니다. 1세대, 2세대, 3세대, 4세대, 5세대
First generation
Second generation
Second generation/ Cephamycins*
Third generation
Fourth generation
Advanced generation and combination agents
Parenteral cephalosporins
Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol)
Cephalothin (Keflin, Seffin)
Cephapirin (Cefadyl)
Cephradine (Velosef)
Cefamandole (Mandol)
Cefonicid (Monocid)
Cefuroxime (Kefurox, Zinacef)
Cefmetazole (Zefazone)
Cefotetan (Cefotan)
Cefoxitin (Mefoxin)
Cefoperazone (Cefobid)
Cefotaxime (Claforan)
Ceftazidime (Fortaz)Δ
Ceftizoxime (Cefizox)
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Moxalactam
Cefepime (Maxipime)
Cefpirome (Cefrom)
Ceftaroline (Teflaro)
Cefiderocol (Fetroja)
Ceftobiprole (Zeftera)
Ceftolozane-tazobactam (Zerbaxa)
Ceftazidime-avibactam (Avycaz, Zavicefta)
Cefoperazone-sulbactam
Oral cephalosporins
Cefadroxil (Duricef, Ultracef)
Cephalexin (Keflex, Biocef, Keftab)
Cephradine (Velosef)
Cefaclor (Ceclor)
Cefprozil (Cefzil)
Cefuroxime-axetil (Ceftin)
Loracarbef (Lorabid)

Cefdinir (Omnicef)
Cefditoren (Spectracef)
Cefixime (Suprax)
Cefpodoxime-proxetil (Vantin)
Ceftibuten (Cedax)


* Cefamycins have a chemical structure that is distinct from that of cephalosporins but functionally similar, and they are often classified as cephalosporins.

¶ Not marketed in the United States.

Δ Unlike most other third generation cephalosporins, ceftazidime has expected activity against Pseudomonas species; however, it has relatively poor activity against gram-positive organisms.


1. 세파졸린을 포함한 1세대 IV 세팔로스포린은 대부분의 그람 양성 구균에 효과적입니다. 단 enterococci, oxacillin-resistant staphylococci, penicillin-resistant pneumococci에는 예외입니다. 또한 대부분의 Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae에 효과적입니다.

2. 2세대 세팔로스포린은 두 그룹으로 구분합니다. 한 그룹은 Haemophilus influenzae와 Moraxella catarrhalis에 효과적이고, 다른 그룹은 대부분의 Bacteroides에 효과적인 cephamycins입니다.

3. 3세대 세팔로스포린은 1세대보다 그람 양성균에 효과적입니다. 그러나 Enterobacteriaceae, Neisseria, H. influenzae에 효과적입니다. 세프타지딤 (ceftazidime)은 또한 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 효과가 있습니다.

** 4세대와 5세대 세팔로스포린은 별도 정리

많은 이용 가능한 IV 세팔로스포린은 반감기가 짧아서 빈번한 투여를 필요로 합니다. 세프티리악손을 제외한 기타 세팔로스포린은 중증 신부전 시에 용량 조정이 필요합니다. 경구 세팔로스포린은 장내 그람 음성 세균에 대한 효과가 IV보다 약합니다.

IV 세팔로스포린 신기능에 따른 용량 조정

Drug
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) mL/min*
Removal by dialysis
>50 (normal renal function)
10-50
<10
Cefazolin
1 to 2 g every 8 hours
0.5 to 1 g every 12 hours
0.5 to 1 g every 24 hours
Yes (HD), No (PD)
Cefuroxime
0.75 to 1.5 g every 6 to 8 hours
0.75 to 1.5 g every 8 to 12 hours
0.75 g every 24 hours
Yes (HD, PD)
Cefoxitin
1 to 2 g every 4 to 6 hours
1 to 2 g every 8 to 12 hours
0.5 to 1 g every 24 hours
Yes (HD), No (PD)
Cefotetan
1 to 2 g every 12 hours
1 to 2 g every 24 hours
1 to 2 g every 48 hours
Yes (HD)
Cefotaxime
1 to 2 g every 6 hours
1 to 2 g every 8 to 12 hours
1 to 2 g every 12 to 24 hours
Yes (HD), No (PD)
Ceftriaxone
1 to 2 g every 12 to 24 hours
NC
NC
No (HD)
Ceftazidime
1 to 2 g every 8 hours
1 to 2 g every 12 to 24 hours
0.5 to 1 g every 24 to 48 hours
Yes (HD, PD)
Cefepime
1 to 2 g every 8 to 12 hours
0.5 to 2 g every 12 to 24 hours
0.25 to 1 g every 24 hours
Yes (HD)
Ceftaroline
600 mg every 12 hours
300 to 400 mg every 12 hours
200 to 400 mg every 12 hours
Yes (HD)
CefiderocolΔ
2 g every 8 hours (for CrCl ≥60 mL/min)
1.5 g every 8 hours (for CrCl 30 to 59 mL/min)
1 g every 8 hours (for CrCl 15 to 29 mL/min)
0.75 g every 12 hours (for CrCl <15 mL/min)
Yes (HD)

HD: hemodialysis; PD: peritoneal dialysis; NC: no change.

* Usual adult dosing and renal adjustments shown are for moderate to severe infections. For specific dosing recommendations, see related disease treatment topics and Lexi-Comp drug information included with UpToDate.

¶ Infused over 1 hour.

Δ Infused over 3 hours.

REF. UpToDate 2022.01.08

 

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